Analysis Of The Movie The Graduate Essay - 1611 Words

Edward Brambila English 2—Prof. Sosner 12/16/2016 The Art of Symbolism in â€Å"The Graduate† The movie â€Å"The Graduate† is a struggle story of a fine caliber that falls under the genre of comedic drama. Some might even argue that it was one of the best films of its time and even till this day. The way the movie blends characters is anything but superficial and its use of symbolism to describe said characters leaves little more to be desired. While some may not like the movie and say it falls short the movie has proper use of symbolism through the use of multiple props, it also uses symbolic statements as a way to strengthen Dustin Hoffman’s character’s archetype and clue in on specific details which in turn shows us the relationships between him and other characters. Of the many symbolic details the first two we encounter at the very beginning of the film are cluing us in on the character of Dustin Hoffman who is known as Benjamin Braddock. The two details happen almost simultaneously, one being the song â€Å"The Sound of Silence† by Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel and the other is the symbolic action of him sliding across the screen on an airport conveyor belt. The first detail, the song, suggests that the character Benjamin or Ben is lost in the world. He has no idea where to go from this point in his life forward. He is lost in the â€Å"darkness of life† and is directionless. The second detail is the conveyor belt which forcibly moving him along. This conveys the fact that throughoutShow MoreRelatedBrothers Grimm and Beautiful Mind1109 Words   |  5 PagesA Beautiful Mind Film Analysis A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis This movie is based on the true story of the brilliant mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr. He made remarkable advancements in the field of mathematics at a young age and had a very promising future. Unfortunately, John Nash had problems deciphering the difference betwe Premium 855 Words 4 Pages * Film Analysis: a Beautiful Mind WEEK 3 A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis xxxxxx x. xxxxxx xx UniversityRead MoreAnalysis Of A Beautiful Mind1293 Words   |  6 PagesA Beautifully Scary Mind Film Analysis on A Beautiful Mind Most people remember having an imaginary friend growing up when they were young, but when that friend or friends appear in your late 20’s or 30’s as they did for John Nash, the Nobel Prize winning mathematician, they are usually called delusions or hallucinations. These are symptoms of schizophrenia and after making a groundbreaking discovery in the field of economics, Nash began experiencing hallucinations of a best friend, federal agentsRead MoreWith Honors Movie Review1061 Words   |  5 PagesCourtney Blumenthal - Monty’s housemate; immature and sex-obsessed * Everett Calloway - A wisecracking radio host; another housemate; the kind of guy who has cultivated an ironic, florid manner * Jeffrey Hawks - Studious Nerd Plot Analysis WITH HONORS is a thoughtful and well done little slice of life with a moral weve all heard before: do what makes you happy and take time to live your life. Director Alex Keshishian and screenwriter William Mastrosimone, however, dont knock youRead MoreFreedom Writers: Rhetorical Analysis Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorical Analysis: Freedom Writers The movie â€Å"Freedom Writers† is based on a true story. Hilary Swank as Erin Gruwell plays an inspirational teacher at Wilson High School. She is ready to take on the teaching world as she steps inside Wilson High School for her first day. Her class, varied with teenagers of different ethnic backgrounds, wants nothing more than to just get through the day. African Americans, Latinos, Asians, gang members, and much more are from poor neighborhoods, that all shareRead MoreChange: an Analysis of the Silence of the Lambs1567 Words   |  7 PagesChange: An Analysis of The Silence of the Lambs Stacy Cooper HUM/150 May 28, 2012 Victor Armenta University of Phoenix Change: An Analysis of The Silence of the Lambs The Silence of the Lambs (1991) is a film based on the novel by Thomas Harris, directed by Jonathan Demme. This film is a psychological crime-drama-thriller. Each of the main characters in this film share, in their own ways, a desire for change. The purpose of this paper is to analyze three main character’s roles in the filmRead MoreEthical Principles in The Help Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Principles The Help chronicles a recent college graduate named Skeeter, who secretly writes a book exposing the treatment of black maids by white affluent women. The story takes place in 1960s Jackson, Mississippi, during the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. The death of Medgar Evers triggers racial tension and gives the maids of Jackson the courage to retell their personal stories of injustice endured over the years. The movie depicts the frustration of the maids with their femaleRead MoreMovie Analysis : Film Analysis Of The Movie The Help796 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Help† Analysis Paper During the 1960’s , americans underwent an era of critical issues in the United States. Throughout this time, the United States was in a stage of racial issues where racism was still openly accepted of society. The struggle by African-Americans to achieve rights equal to those that white people received was also known as the Civil Rights Movement. That included having an opportunity in employment, voting rights, having access to public facilities, education andRead MoreThe Corporate Con Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesAuditor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the movie the Corporate Con: The Internal Fraud and the Auditor there were several different people who seemed like your everyday Joe, but were actually criminals who committed fraud. Some of the frauds committed in this movie were: Cash Fraud, Accounts Receivable Fraud, Expense Fraud, purchasing fraud, and corruption. Focusing on two individuals Pam and John, each of these criminals committed either cash or accounts receivable fraud.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pam was a graduate from high school whoRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of The Movie Coach Carter999 Words   |  4 PagesCoach Carter, (Director, Carter, T) The movie Coach Carter is based on a real coach name Ken Carter. Ken Carter is currently a resident of Richmond Virginia who made headlines in 1999 for benching his undefeated high school team for low performance in their classes. Ken Carter is a former graduate of the high school he is currently coaching. As a former high school athlete, Coach Carter wanted to lead his team to victory and savage the representation of his former high school. ConsequentlyRead MoreA Beautiful Mind: an Abnormal Movie Analysis1027 Words   |  5 PagesA Beautiful Mind: An Abnormal Movie Analysis A Beautiful Mind is a 2001 cinematic semi-biography based upon the life of Nobel Laureate of Economics John Forbes Nash, Jr. Seneca said that there is no great genius without some touch of madness, and this is certainly the case with Dr. Nash. The movie opens on Nash as a graduate student at Princeton University. He struggles to find a unique idea, one that will set him apart from his peers and earn him recognition. Though Nash is self-admittedly

Psy 460 Week 4 Essay - 1194 Words

Positive and Negative Effects of Human Behavior Positive and Negative Effects of Human Behavior Individuals behave differently depending on his or her beliefs and the choices come from the beliefs one holds. This can have a positive or negative effect on one’s environment within his or her control and the environment that affects the human population on Earth. Some environmental conditions that humans do have control over are pollution and crowding, although the rising temperatures and noise pollution may be out of individual reach. By changing some conditions and adding items that have a positive mental influence on individuals can make some over-populated urban environments more pleasant and less stressful to the community and†¦show more content†¦Each area of a person’s life has a certain social norm to follow; this includes one’s home, school, work, and hanging out with friends. The social norms for an individual’s behavior change as his or her environment changes. Social Norms â€Å"Social norms are rules and standards that are understood by members of a group, and that guide and/or constrain human behavior without the force of laws† (Steg, 2013, p. 154). Social norms have two areas or types they fall into. Injunctive norms are considered behavior that is approved or disapproved and descriptive norms are described as behavior shown by the members of a group. Individuals follow social norms for the rewards involved and the individual wants to avoid rejection and ridicule from societal members. â€Å"Social norms can exert a powerful influence on pro-environmental behavior through normative and informational influence† (Steg, 2013, p. 162). Behavior is influenced through normative and informational influences, also moderator variables that may decrease or increase the strength of the influence. Moderator variables contain the size of the group in question, the salience of the norm, if the group is considered an in-group, and the in dividual personal norms. â€Å"A wide variety of research shows that the behavior of others in the social environment shape individuals’ interpretations of, and responses to, the situation, especially in novel, ambiguous, or uncertainShow MoreRelatedEssay about Tourist Destinations6885 Words   |  28 PagesUnit 39: Tourists Destinations Unit code: K/601/1748 QCF Level: 4 ------------------------------------------------- student ------------------------------------------------- student Content Page Content Page Contents Page Number 1. Introduction 3 2. Definition (Tourism receivers, Tourism Generators) 3 3. Tourism Receivers Statistic 4 4. Tourism Receivers Analysis 5,6,7,8amp;9 5. Tourism Generators Statistic 9,10amp;11 6. InternationalRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesjobs. Managers and supervisors affected by the elimination of levels were offered promotions, transfers to other jobs in GE Fanuc, or early retirement buyouts. Additionally, employees were promised profit sharing, which has resulted in up to three weeks additional pay in profit sharing bonuses in some years. The test of the change is in the results. GE Fanuc’s revenue is up women employees, who composed about three-fourths of the bank’s workers. As a result, several years later about one-fourth ofRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesand for other purposes. 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 6 ‘‘Affordable Health Care for America Act’’. VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH

Impact of Education Essay - 1095 Words

Impact of Education Education is one of the most essential necessities of a personal life because without education, we would not have a brighter future. In two essays â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† and â€Å"A Homemade Education†, Malcolm and Douglass describe what they have gone through in order to become more successful in their pursuits in life. While Malcolm X lived part of his life in prison, he spent his time writing numerous definitions from a dictionary amongst the walls and tables. The elements of the dictionary motivated him to not only become a free man, but a well educated one at that. Douglass, who also taught himself, began his life in slavery. But after a series of attempts, he escapes from slavery and pursues into his†¦show more content†¦Another impact of achieving an education is that it brings knowledge to one’s life. Knowledge is a powerful benefit for people in their understandings. Both Douglass and Malcolm also recognized the p ower of knowledge that impacted them into following education. With great effort, Malcolm was fascinated with the knowledge he gained â€Å"I could for the first time pick up a book and read and now begin to understand what the book was saying†(81). He made a progress in reading to understand the contents of a book even if it is the first time he picked it up. Knowledge also assisted Douglass in finding the injustice of slavery and motivating him to gain his freedom. In the essay â€Å"Learning to Read and Write†, he states that â€Å"the more I read, the more I was lead to abhor and detest my enslavers. I could regard them in no other light than a band of successful robbers, who had left their home, and gone to Africa, and stolen us from our homes and in a stargerland reduced us to slavery.†(64). He became cognizant of what fate was in hold for the enslavers. That idea impacted him to gain more knowledge and escape slavery to share his knowledge and what must b e done. Today, people who want to gain knowledge have to go to school for their education. People that attend are taught the essential lessons that they need in order to move forward in life. Out of everyone in my family, I am the only one given the chance to go to college.Show MoreRelatedEducation And Its Impact On Education1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthe way it is in these modern’s period. Education plays a role in a development in a country. When we look at the global as a whole, we would see that educations are a factor that help for war, increase economy, increase political tension, and so on. The foundation of the society is based on education since it brings economic and social prosperity. Gaining education enhances an individual to live a respectful life in the society. This is because education offers a setting in which culture and valuesRead MoreThe Impact Of Education On Special Education873 Words   |  4 Pages1975 it had a positive impact on the education for ch ildren with disabilities. Millions of children in the United States were supported by the law. These children had previously been excluded entirely from the education system. The Public Law 94-142 is the landmark legislation that affected special education. Public Law 94-142 changed its legislative title which resulted from the enactment of Public 101-476 on October 30, 1990, to The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA is alsoRead MoreEducation And Its Impact On Education1895 Words   |  8 Pages In life there are many things that are important to us, but education is one of the most essential tools that can open doors to reach everything that we as human beings consider valuable in this world. The life event that we were experiencing were formed by how better education qualification we have made that create better social status in our life. Education is â€Å"a manifest function with an intended purpose of social instruction. It is a basic component of society that fulfills an essential needRead MoreInclusive Education And Its Impact On Education1074 Words   |  5 PagesBackground In the last few decades the education system has changed drastically. As a result of The Salamanca Statement which highlights right of education for all children (UNESCO, 1995) implementation of inclusive education has been the goal in many countries (Leyser Kirk, 2004). Although the movement of inclusive education has gained momentum in recent years, there are number of factor that plays important role for inclusive education to be successful, such as training, resources, legislationRead MoreMusic Education And Its Impact On Education Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesAs you can see, music and dance are very influential in the culture of Brazil. Therefore, music education is also important in the lives of the Brazilian people. Children are exposed to music from an early age through family and community. Unfortunately, music education is not highly regarded in the school system. The amount of music education differs greatly by school and teachers. Most public schools do not have a spe cial music teacher or department. In order to be well educated in music a studentRead MoreEducation Leadership And Its Impact On Education1659 Words   |  7 PagesToday, the need for education leadership is significantly growing. However, in order to face the numerous obstacles and create a transformative change in education there has to be a clear understanding of what education leadership really is and its responsibilities. Educational leadership involves working with and guiding teachers towards improving educational processes in elementary, secondary and postsecondary institutions. Those in educational leadership roles tend to go above and beyond managementRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Education Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages Education has evolved tremendously over the past centuries. From one room school houses, segregated schools, to public and private schools, forms of education and how we receive it are always changing. In the past decade, technology has become a large part of education and schooling. Views on types of schooling and education are changing rapidly. Videos and articles can be found all over the Internet on basically any subject you can think of. Much of today’s schooling is done through online classesRead MoreEducation Leadership And Its Impact On Education842 Words   |  4 PagesToday, the need for education leadership is significantly growing. However, in order to face the numerous obstacles and create a transformative change in education there has to be a clear understanding of what education leadership really is and its responsibilities. Educational leadership involves working with and guiding teachers towards improving educational processes in elementary, secondary and postsecondary institutions. Those in educational leadership roles tend to go above and beyond managementRead MoreImpact of Iom on Education1235 Words   |  5 PagesTransforming Education, and Transforming Leadership. In order to acc ess the report, locate â€Å"Get this Report† and click on â€Å"Read Report Online for Free†. When the report is downloaded, it will open up to page 1. Use the table of contents, located on the right, to navigate to the required sections. Create a paper (750-1,000 words) about the impact on nursing of the 2010 IOM report on the Future of Nursing. Include: 1.The impact of the IOM report on nursing education. 2.The impact of the IOM reportRead MoreEducation System And Its Impact On Education Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most important things ever and that education is the key to success. While part of that is actually true, does school really give an equal opportunity to every student? We all have different brains and different talents. We shouldn t be taught in a one size fits all system. Our education system is so outdated and the government has made very little changes to it, it makes you wonder if they are preparing us for the future or the past. Our education system as a whole is heavily flawed, there

Caesar Essay - 761 Words

Caesar In history it is rare to find truly great leadership, but every once in a while someone comes along so charismatic that even his enemies cannot but admire him. Rome in the first century B.C. was replete with statesmen, generals and leaders who to this day are remembered as being among the greatest and most fascinating that ever lived. But there is no doubt as to the most memorable of these. Gaius Julius Caesar lived from 100 to 44 B.C. and though his life began and ended with Rome beset by internal strife and the threat of civil war, he did more than anyone to consolidate the power of Rome and facilitate the rise of the Roman empire. It is true that the political and social climate of Rome had been changing rapidly for two†¦show more content†¦In war or peace, â€Å"his ability to secure the affection of his men and to get the best out of them was remarkable† (Plutarch, 259). Suetonius describes him heroically as â€Å"a most skillful swordsman and horseman with surp rising powers of endurance...It is a disputable point which was the more remarkable when he went to war: his caution or his daring† (41). This is a prominent characteristic of Caesar: there were many sides to him. He could pardon some of his most bitter political enemies and grant degrees of autonomy to conquered people, but at the same time he could crucify a band of pirates who once captured him, divorce his wife on questionable grounds, and brazenly flaunt his power as dictator before jealous and fearful senators. â€Å"In his administration of justice he was both conscientious and severe...†(Suentonius, 33).Though he was temperate with regards to drink, he was among the most licentious of all Romans in his love affairs. He refused the crown Mark Antony offered him but he daily centralized more power to his name as dictator. Caesar was in more ways than one, â€Å"every woman’s man and every man’s woman† (Suetonius, 37). So vibrant and powerful w as he that for the few years of his dictatorship, he was the governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Julius Caesar671 Words   |  3 Pages Julius Caesar is the one of the famous Roman generals. Many may recognize this name from the great works of Shakespeare. Before the great works of Shakespeare, Julius Caesar was famous in his Roman city which. Julius Caesar was a dictator that turned the Roman republic to the Roman Empire. Even though the life time of Julius Caesar took place in 100 BC – 44 BC, people everywhere will mention Caesar’s name and legacy. For starters, Julius Caesar’s time wasRead MoreEssay about Julius Caesar: The Spirit of Caesar619 Words   |  3 Pagesbest at everything – now imagine Julius Caesar. It seems as though the last one doesn’t fit, does it? However, wasn’t Caesar one of the most influential people during the time of the Roman Empire AND didn’t he influence our world today? As well as in reality, in the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, this man has a very interesting role. Despite the fact that he is immensely influential during his life, after his assassination it seems as though Caesar is still influential – or, more specificallyRead MoreAugustus Caesar vs. Julius Caesar Essay673 Words   |  3 Pagesdefines him even today: Augustus. He was also immediately proclaimed as a divine figure in Rome; by being granted the name Augustus, and also appointing himself â€Å"Pontimus Maximus†, Augustus immediately gained the respect of the citizens. While Julius Caesar also declared himself divine through the title of â€Å"Pontimus Maximus†, Augustus pursued this positive self-portrayal even further: he proclaimed himself quasi-divine, as a descendant of Venus herself. Augustus established nationwide admiration andRead MoreJulius Caesar972 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s historic tragedy, Julius Caesar, Cassius struggles to take down Rome’s extremely admired leader, Caesar. To cause Caesar’s demise, Cassius must convince Brutus, Caesar’s trusted companion, to join him and the conspirators. In order to do this, Cassius goes through many steps to achieve this throughout act one, ending in the fall of Caesar later in the play. Before Cassius begins to arrange the assassination of Caesar, he must first not only gain Brutus’s approval, but also gainRead MoreShakespeare’s Julius Caesar Vs. Plutarch’s Julius Caesar1549 Words   |  7 Pagescolossusï ¿ ½(Julius Caesar 1.2.142-43). These words were spoken by Cassius, a character in Shakespeares play Julius Caesar. He is speaking about Julius Caesar and Caesars arrogance and overconfidence. This quote also shows how Shakespeare perceived Julius Caesar as a prominent and influential man of his time. However, this view is not shared by all of the biographers that chose to write about Julius Caesar. In fact a famous ancient writer named Plutarch depicted Julius Caesar as a power-hungryRead MoreEssay on Caesar versus Brutus in Julius Caesar by Shakespeare506 Words   |  3 PagesCaesar versus Brutus in Julius Caesar by Shakespeare Throughout history Marcus Brutus has been blamed for the death of Caesar and ultimate downfall of Rome; upon taking a closer look Burtus is not entirely to blame. Brutuses actions were based only for good of Rome, and even then he was acting on the false letters that were sent to him by Cassius. It can also be said the Cassius was as much to blame as Brutus, after all he was the one sending the fake letters to him. But Read MoreJulius Caesar2287 Words   |  10 PagesStudy Guide for â€Å"The Tragedy of Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare The following questions will help you to prepare for your eventual test over â€Å"Julius Caesar†. While I will not be collecting this, it is on you to make sure that you are answering the questions as we go. Your test will be taken directly from this study guide. Act I 1) Judging from the events in Act I, the political mood and behavior of the Romans are best described how? 2) When we first see Brutus, he appears to be ________________________Read More Julius Caesar Essay: Decision Making in Julius Caesar862 Words   |  4 Pages Decision Making in Julius Caesar nbsp; Making the right decisions is an ongoing struggle for man, because making decisions is never easy, and the wrong decision can lead to endless perils. Decisions must be made when dealing with power, loyalty, and trust. Yet, unlike other decisions, ones that are about these three fields are the most important, due to the risk involved, and because of the consequences that might follow. nbsp; Power- power is the complete domination of others, andRead MoreComparing Julius Caesar s The Twelve Caesars 1729 Words   |  7 PagesGaius Julius Caesar, known today as Julius Caesar. He was a Praetor, Aedile, Consul, Pontifex Maximus, and dictator for life, and his greatest achievement is changing the Roman republic to the Roman empire. His life ended tragically when he was stabbed twenty three times by his political enemies. Creating the Roman empire changed the history of his people. The three main sources used in this essay are Julius Caesar by Joshua J. Mark, Caesar, Julius by Justin Cornfield, and The Twelve Caesars by SuetoniusRead MoreThe Death Of Julius Caesar1106 Words   |  5 Pagesthe death of Julius Caesar became the most famous assassination in history. The death of Julius Caesar is placed in full context of Rome’s civil wars by eminent historian Barry Strauss. Moreover, the assassination itself was a complexly layered plan that was a direct result of Caesar’s power and leadership choices leading up to the fateful day. These key events leading up to the Ides of March—and the aftermath that followed—are important to understanding the immense effect Caesar s death had on Rome

Wage Determination Free Essays

Methods of Wage Determination in India 1. Fixation of wages is a recent phenomenon in India 2. There was no effective machinery until 2nd world war for settlement of disputes for fixation of wages. We will write a custom essay sample on Wage Determination or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3. After independence of India, industrial relations become a major issue and there was phenomena increase in industrial dispute mostly over wages leading to substantial loss of production. 4. Realizing that industrial peace is essential for progress on industrial as well as economic front, the central govt. convened in 1947, and a tripartite conference consisting of representatives of employers, labour and government. Govt. of India formulated industrial policy resolution in 1948 where the govt. has mentioned to items which has bearing on wages †¢ statutory fixation of minimum wages †¢ Promotion of fair wages. 5. To achieve 1st objective, the minimum wages act, 1948 was passed to lay down certain norms and procedures for determination and fixation of wages by central and state govt. 6. To achieve 2nd objective govt. of India appointed in 1949, a tripartite committee on fair wages to determine the principles on which fair wages should be fixed Wages and salary incomes in India are fixed through several institutions. These are Collective bargaining †¢ Industrial wage bound †¢ Govt. appointed pay commissions †¢ Adjudication by courts tribunals 1. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:- †¢ Collective bargaining relates to those arrangements under which wages and conditions of employments are generally decided by agreements negotiated between the parties. †¢ Broadly speaking the fol lowing factors affect the wage determination by collective bargaining process ? Alternate choices demands ? Institutional necessities ? The right and capacity to strike †¢ In a modern democratic society wages are determined by collective bargaining in contrast to individual bargaining by working. In the matter of wage bargaining, unions are primarily concerned with ? General level of wage rates ? Structure of wages rates (differential among occupations) ? Bonus, incentives and fringe benefits, Administration of wages. 2. INDUSTRIAL WAGE BOARDS:- †¢ Concept of wage board was first enunciated by committee on fair wages. †¢ It was commended by first five year plan and second five year plan also considered wage board as an acceptable machinery for setting wage disputes. †¢ Wage boards in India are of two types ? Statutory wage board ? Tripartite wage board Statutory wage board means a body set up by law or with legal authority to establish minimum wages and other standards of employment which are then legally enforceable in particular trade or industry to which board’s decision relate. Tripartite wage board means a voluntary negotiating body set up by discussions between organized employers, workers and govt. to regulate wages, working hours and related conditions of employment. †¢ Wage board decisions are not final and are subjected to either executive or judicious review or reconsideration by other authority or tribunals. The powers and procedure of wage boards are same as those industrial tribunals unsaturated under ID Act 1947. 3. PAY COMMISSIONS:- †¢ First pay commission was appointed by govt. of India in 1946 under chairmanship of justice vardachariar to enquire in to conditions of service of central govt. employees. †¢ The vardachariar commission in its report said that in no case should a mans pay less tha n living wage †¢ The 2nd pay commission was appointed in aug. 1957. and commission submits its report in 1959, examined the norms for fixing a need based minimum wage set up 15th session of ILC. †¢ Govt. f India appointed third pay commissions in 1970’s which submit its report in April 1973. In this report commission express its support for a system in which pay adjustments will occurs automatically upon an upward movement in consumer price index. †¢ After thirteen years, govt, appointed fourth central pay cimmissions under chairmanship of justice P. N. Singhal on July 26, 1983 to examine structure of all central govt. employees, including those of union territories. Officers belong to all India service and armed forces. Commission submits its report on July 30, 1986 and recommended drastic changes in pay scale. The 5th pay commission (1952-1996) made certain recommendation regarding restricting of pay scales. †¢ The 6th pay commissions was established on 2006 and committee submit its report on March 2008. 3. Adjudication Since independence adjudication has been one of the main instruments for settlement of disputes, improvement in wage scales and standardization of wages and allowances. Though courts and tribunals were primarily intended to deal with settlement of industrial disputes, in practiae, wage fixation has become an important element in their work and functioning. This is because of large of disputes concerning of wages and allowances. Numerous wage disputes in many industries have been referred for adjudication to labour courts and tribunals during past ten decades. The high courts and Supreme Court have also adjudicated upon such disputes. The awards given by these authorities not only helped in formulation of a body of principles governing wage fixation but laid foundation for present wage structure in many of major industries. Some major legislation which governs the principles of wage fixation -Minimum wages Act 1948, Payments of wages Act 1936, Equal Remuneration Act 1976, Industrial Disputes Act 1947, and Companies Act 1956. How to cite Wage Determination, Papers

Games and Economic Behavior for Overconfidence- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGames and Economic Behavior for Overconfidence. Answer: Introduction Overconfidence is not just a fundamental psychological trait rather it can be considered as a well-established bias. In this case the subjective confidence of a person seems to be reliably higher than the objective accuracy of their judgements. However, there are other definitions of overconfidence as well. Author defines overconfidence as the overestimation of a persons actual performance or over precision in depicting the unwarranted certainty regarding the accuracy of the beliefs of a person. The emergence of overconfidence and its impact over the decision making processes has widely been discussed. Extensive research works have been conducted on the basis of the impact of overconfidence in the context of financial, business or corporate decision making. More specifically overconfidence can be considered as the behavioural bias which is most willingly researched by the academicians who are working in the field of economics. In other words the better than the average effect which i s simply the tendency of individuals to overestimate their expertise and capabilities relative to a reference group gives rise to direct likelihoods in the context of decision making. This assignment will solely focus on analysing three relevant journal articles which are broadly based on the impact of overconfidence on decision making. Primarily it will present summary of the three articles followed by a detailed analysis of those individual articles. Finally each of the articles will be compared and contrasted with respect to the other, for instance their similarities or difference will be discussed. Afterwards a discussion section will be there where the relevant understanding developed through reading these papers will be discussed and then certain recommendations will be provided. Article Summary This paper considers overconfidence as an effect which is named as better than average effect and this compels people to assume that believe that their skills and capabilities are over and above the average level. The paper will focus on developing an experimental paradigm through which a distinction could be made between the two potentially possible clarifications for the effect; these are specifically overconfidence and rational information processing (Merkle Weber, 2011). In order to do so an experiment has been conducted. The participants of the experiment were asked to enumerate their relative position within the populace through stating their distribution of complete trust. However, the findings of the paper portray the fact that people holds specific beliefs regarding their capabilities in inexplicably different fields or genres which are sometimes inconsistent with the rational information processing. These people have depicted considerably high over-placement at both the in dividual level as well as the aggregate level. Henceforth, the paper comes into a concluding fact that overconfidence cannot only be regarded as a simple trait of overconfidence rather it is a result of a psychological bias (Merkle Weber, 2011). In the second paper emphasises over the impacts of overconfidence over the incentive contracts in the context of a moral hazard framework. It has been observed that the overconfidence of an agent can impose certain conflicting impacts on the equilibrium contract. On one side of the spectrum, an overconfident or optimistic agent may value the success-contingent payments disproportionately and hence prefers incentives which are high-powered (De la Rosa, 2011). On the other end of the spectrum, when the involved agent overestimates the degree to which his or her actions can affect the outcomes, whereas the low-powered incentives are adequate to persuade any given level of effort. On an added notion, when an agent is soberly overconfident, the effect stated latter dominates. This is because in such a case the agent bears less risk there are gains in efficiency gains which is stemming from the his or her overconfidence (De la Rosa, 2011). Again when the agent is extremely overconfident, t he former effect will dominate and then the agent will get exposed to a great amount of risk. At that point of time any gains will be generated only through risk sharing under disagreement. The findings of the paper depicts that a rise in the level of overconfidence or optimism raises the implemented effort in equilibrium. This paper is constructed on the basis of five experiments which strictly exhibit the fact that previous experience of possessing power certainly leads towards overconfident decision making. The study will make use of different instantiations of power that includes an episodic recall task (in experiments 1-3), a measure of power which is related to work (in experiment 4) and assigning of high and low power role (experiment 5) as well as the power produced overconfident decisions which gave rise to significant monetary loses on the part of the powerful (Fast et al., 2012). The findings of the paper clearly depict the fact that the presence of power plays an important role in generating these tendencies of decision making. Primarily, the sense of power not the mood influences the link between overconfidence and power (experiment 3). Secondarily, the linkage between the overconfidence and power was detached when power not accessible to the powerful as well as when the powerful was made to feel incompatible in their genre of power (Fast et al., 2012). These findings portrays that when the presence of objective power makes the people feel subjectively powerful then it gives rise to overconfident decision making. Article Analysis- Analyse Each Article As the first paper specifies that in a recent academic literature the notion of overconfidence has been challenged as this was only analysed in the domain of economics and psychology previously. They criticised the use of conventional methodology while explaining the better than average effect. The authors who raised the argument also showed the fact that in a simple signalling framework; the processing of rational information will lead to the results which were previously considered as the evidence of overconfidence (Merkle Weber, 2011). Now in order to overcome the criticisms posed by these authors the current research work is based on a strategic guideline which will be able to indicate the existence of real overconfidence. This will be done through the improving the previous research methodology. The researchers observed that there are many different sets of opinions which are able to providee the same result whenever they are aggregated. However, in this context the Bayesian posteriors and the actual overconfidence are typically same. Therefore in order to fetch more detailed beliefs of the participants regarding different domains which were previously associated with overconfidence, underconfidence and overoptimism the authors had designed two different experiments (Merkle Weber, 2011). Along a quantile scale the self-evaluation were performed that elaborated the ability distribution compared with a peer group. In accordance with this scale the participants provided the estimates which in turn represent their subjective probability of falling into each of the skill quantile. This extended valuation of the test allowed the researchers to re-verify whether the results were in accordance with the rational information processing or not. The results obtained from the test depicted that there exists substantial amount of overconfidence in the belief distribution of the participants of the experiment (Merkle Weber, 2011). Most of the people found that their probability of falling in the high quantile in higher. Moreover, interestingly, the unskilled exhibits depicted overconfidence. However, the research work also found the fact that the theoretical criticisms as posed by the previous researchers have only certain practical values regarding overconfidence research. The standard model of principle-agent has been used widely to determine the incentive structure in different organisations. It thoroughly provides a detailed overview of the forces that give form to the incentive contracts on basis of the assumption of full rationality (De la Rosa, 2011). There are many instances that people are often overconfident about their future prospects and ability. This is the behavioural characteristic that seems important regarding the agency problem. The paper aims to enumerate the impact of overconfidence of the agents in a moral hazard model, significantly its influence over the equilibrium contract. Overconfidence of agents may give rise to conflicting results within the equilibrium contract. On one hand, if the agent is overconfident, a lower amount of compensation is sufficient to bring any level of effort rather compared to the effort which is cost-effective. This is referred to as Incentive Effect of overconfidence; it thrusts the equilibrium contract towards low-powered incentives. In the other end, when the salesman is overconfident confident enough he or she will certainly overestimate the probability of the sale, at this point of time he or she will find a high commissioned contract of incentive more lucrative than a realistic agent would (De la Rosa, 2011). This is because the owner will believe that she will have to pay the commission more frequently. At that point it will seem that hiring a person with high powered incentive and lower base salary is more attractive, this is termed as the Wager Effect of overconfidence. Interestingly the findings of the paper depicts t hat overconfidence of the agents can be beneficial if measures in terms of efficiency (De la Rosa, 2011). The third paper is solely concerned about the fact that though overconfidence among the powerful have always remained a widely discussed issue, lesser focus in given over the psychological and sociological factors which gives rise to the overconfidence. The research work will try to examine this relationship between the sociological and psychological factors with the occurrence of overconfidence. This will not only focus on the factors that give rise to overconfidence but also explore when it is more likely to take place (Fast et al., 2012). The substitute explanations of the existence of overconfidence within the powerful will also be examined in this research. It may be a case that the overconfident individuals are more attracted towards power and are more likely to achieve a high-powered position. If this is the case then promoting only those who does not have a tendency towards overconfidence would certainly help to resolve the problem. On the other hand, when a person has pre-ex isting experience of possessing power it may give rise to overconfidence which will in turn make it difficult to tame relationship between overconfidence and power (Fast et al., 2012). This paper has broadly examined why when and how the emergence of power will lead to overconfidence. In order to do so the researchers have conducted five baseline experiments and these experiments were so designed that the findings of an experiment substantiates the findings of the other experiment. The experiments conducted revealed the fact that psychologically experiencing power can lead to the overconfident decision making. Article Comparison The key similarity between all the three articles is that all of them are based on the emergence of overconfidence and its impact on decision making process. All the researchers have tried to establish the fact that overconfidence is not only a psychological trait; rather there are certain other factors as well which gives rise to this overconfidence. It is also a matter of fact that all the articles analysed in the assignment clearly depict that overconfidence may lead to wrong decision making. If this decision is regarding the economy or the financial aspects of an organisation it may harm the core interests of the firm adversely. On the contrary sometimes overconfident decision may also benefit the organisation as well. However, from the primary viewpoint there are huge dissimilarities among the research works. The first article traces out the key reason behind the emergence of overconfidence, while the second one approaches on overconfidence through the traditional principle agent framework. The third, article also explains overconfidence in the light of pre-existing experience of possessing power. This means that the third article states if a person has experience of possessing power he or she will be more likely to be overconfident. Hence it can be said that although the research works stated above are concentrated on the same factor, each of them has tried to approach it from different perspectives. Discussion After analysing and reviewing all the articles it can be clearly said that all of them are based on rational assumptions. The findings are quite plausible which are obtained on the basis of the calculations and analysis. Hence it is quite evident that these research works are very well written and based on logically established calculations. However, as all of the articles are based on overconfidence, on a recommendation note it can be said that people should not always base their decisions under the influence of overconfidence. Though it may sound contradictory but it is necessary to mention that sometimes overconfident decisions may also sound beneficial for the decision maker, though it is quite rare. Works Cited De la Rosa, L.E., 2011. Overconfidence and moral hazard. Games and Economic Behavior, 73(2), pp.429-51. Fast, N.J., Sivanathan, N., Mayer, N.D. Galinsky, A.D.., 2012. Power and overconfident decision-making. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 117(2), pp.249-60. Merkle, C. Weber, M.., 2011. True overconfidence: The inability of rational information processing to account for apparent overconfidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116(2), pp.262-71.

Case Study Software Operations are Harming Common Peoples

Question: Case Study: Software operations are harming common peoples. Answer: 1. What is going on? In this case study, the fixed rules or software operations are harming common people. Moreover, due to incompetency of the company employees as well as out-of-date softwares, the records of the clients are getting mismatched or misplaced. In other cases, the system generates false information regarding the clients annual income or property values. Another main thing in this context is that the company does not take suitable steps to mitigate the issues arising and update their system according to requirements. The result is that the common users and clients get cheated or even robbed of their deserved resources. 2. What are the facts? In this case, the facts are as follows: Incompetent Company The records of the clients are getting mismatched or misplaced. In other cases, the system generates false information regarding the clients annual income or property values. The company is getting away with all mismatched records and other issues, justifying them as fixed system issues for which, records cannot be changed. Insufficient Use of Technology Due to out-of-date softwares, the records of the clients are getting mismatched or misplaced. In other cases, the system generates false information regarding the clients annual income or property values. Incompetent Employees of the Company - The employees of the company are not being able to deal with the advanced recording system. As a result, there are a lot of manual errors occurring that is resulting in the errors in client records. Cheated Clients The clients are getting cheated and are unable to do anything about the situation. Moreover, they cannot even sue the company, as the records show otherwise and there no proofs of companys faults. 3. What are the issues? There are several issues in this story. The issues are as follows: The companys systems are outdated and are unable to keep up with the amount of records stored within the hardwares. The employees of the company are not being able to deal with the advanced recording system. As a result, there are a lot of manual errors occurring that is resulting in the errors in client records. The company has not taken any initiative to upgrade its systems or train its employees. The company has not taken any steps to rectify the records and return values to the users. 4. Who is affected? In this case, only the clients are affected. The company is getting away with all mismatched records and other issues, justifying them as fixed system issues for which, records cannot be changed. Due to inefficiency of the systems and incompetency of the employees, errors are inserted and recorded in the system for which, the properties or monetary values of a client are getting misplaced. For this reason, the clients are getting cheated and are unable to do anything about the situation. Moreover, they cannot even sue the company as the records show otherwise and there no proofs of companys faults. 5. What are the ethical issues and implications? There are several ethical issues related to this case. These are follows: The company is not following moral values regarding the handling of their clients. For the errors generated from the systems, the company just blames the system and gets away with it. There are no direct proofs of company mismanagement and hence, the clients cannot do anything regarding the matter. The employees of the company are incompetent. However, there are no direct reasons to blame them as the company has given all the blame on the computer systems. 6. What can be done about it? Several steps can be taken regarding this case. Firstly, although there are no direct proofs of companys mishandling, they can still be sued for mismanagement of the clients resources. The company is advised to upgrade the computer systems so that these type of cases do not happen in the future. Moreover, the employees should be trained more to make them competent with the latest technology so that handle clients information more efficiently and manage to identify errors anytime. 7. What options are there? There are two options in this case. The first option is that, the affected clients can use legal help to retrieve their resources and rectify their records in the companys system. This will also discourage the company to get away with these errors in the future. The second option is that the company should immediately change its computer systems and rectify all existing errors regarding the clients information. This will ensure the errors will not happen in the future. 8. Which option is best and why? The best option is the complete overhaul of the companys computer systems. This will be long term solution that will not only ensure these cases will not happen in future but will also help the company to increase its reliability within the customers. 1. What is going on? In this case, there are two different scenarios. In the first scenario, the manager of the company does not know anything about the programming operations and hence, he orders his employee to complete the task within a limited time. In the second scenario, the employee, unable to complete the task in time, steals the work of some other employee, incorporates it into her own work, and submitted it in time. Now, the issue in this case is that, the employee, whose work is stolen, does not even know about it and as Jean submitted her work already, the employee who actually did the work will get caught due to theft of work when he submits his program. 2. What are the facts? The facts in this case are as follows: The manager of the company does not know anything about the programming operations. He does not understand the complexity of the programs and moreover, he does not care how the work will be done. The employee, unable to complete the task in time, steals the work of some other employee, incorporates it into her own work, and submitted it in time. Here, in order to complete her job, she steals someone elses work without acknowledgement or even documentation. The main fact here is that, the company will benefit from the works but if the theft is caught, the responsible person will be the employee that will result in severe punishment. On the other hand, if the employee could not submit the work in time, then also he / she would get punished. 3. What are the issues? There are several issues in this case. The first and the most major issue is lack of professionalism within the employer as well as employee. The employer has no knowledge regarding the complexity of works or the programs and orders one employee to complete it in time. On the other hand, in order to complete the task in time, the employee steals someone elses work and incorporates within her work without acknowledgement. Another issue is that, the employee will be affected and face punishment in any case if the task is not completed or the theft is caught. 4. Who is affected? The only one to be affected in this case will be one of the two employees. The first employee, Jean, would have been punished if she could not submit the work in time. Again, if the act of stealing is caught, she would be punished severely. On the other hand, if Jean is not identified to be the stealer, the other employee, whose work was stolen will be caught and punished. However, the company is not affected by any of these and will only reap benefits from the work, whether it is stolen or original. 5. What are the ethical issues and implications? The main ethical issue that arises from this case is that only the employees are negatively affected one way or another. The employee is not given sufficient time to complete a particular task and if he steals someones work to complete the task in time, again he is prosecuted for stealing. However, the problem stills persists. As long as changes are brought in the companys operations, these ethical issues will continue to happen and more and more employees will be made scapegoats. 6. What can be done about it? The only thing that can be done in this case is complete overhaul of the companys operational structure. This should include better handling of the operations and management of duties. For this, the task should be allocated among employees by better allocation of time. This will help the employees to work on their own without stealing others works. Moreover, if such cases happen again, the manager should also face penalty. This way, the manager would not exert so much pressure on the employee in the near future. 7. What options are there? There is only one option for the mitigation of the issues a complete overhaul in the companys management system with better handling of managers and employees. There should be proper guidelines on the employee management as well as work ethics of the employees. Without these steps, the same issues will continue to go on. Again, a number of experts are to be employed who will be able to estimate some timeline needed for a particular programming task so that the employees are provided with sufficient time for doing a task. 8. Which option is best and why? The option is selected for two main reasons to introduce better management of tasks and employees and maintain work ethics of the employees. This is also ensure fair handling of operations and employees and none of the employees will be punished without right reasons and proofs. 1. What is going on? In this story, the dilemma of the new expert related to the changes in the technical system is highlighted. Here, the new expert has found that there too many bugs and technical glitches that cannot be solved completely and ultimately, the whole system will crash causing loss of huge amount of data. However, the company has rejected the demands of overhauling the complete system to bring in new technology and ordered the expert to work on the existing system. 2. What are the facts? The facts are as follows: The previous expert could do not complete the work and due to inexperience, he has created a lot of permanent bugs and technical glitches. After that expert left, the new expert analyzed the system and found that the bugs cannot be deleted permanently and ultimately, these will cause the whole system to shut down completely with loss of all the data within the system. After analyzing the report, the company has decided to reject the experts advice to change the technology and the system completely. The company wants to stick to the current system and orders the expert to continue working on the system and remove the errors anyhow. 3. What are the issues? The issues are as follows: The new expert has detected the bugs and glitches in the system and understood how harmful these are to the system. He has also found that these bugs cannot be deleted and in near future, these bugs will completely destroy the whole system. The immense experience of the expert drives him to the conclusion that the framework is unstable to the point that it will in the end degenerate beyond recovery and that every one of its information will get to be unrecoverable. He along these lines advises the chief with respect to his discoveries and suggests that the framework be redeveloped utilizing fitting advancements and quality control measures. He demonstrates that the whole redevelopment exertion will take around 6 weeks. The administrator rejects the experts suggestion, expressing that their IT Department will not consent to an adjustment in innovation, and guides him to finish the undertaking utilizing the current technologies. 4. Who is affected? In this case, the expert will be affected for short term and the company itself in the long term. 5. What are the ethical issues and implications? 6. What can be done about it? The only thing that can be done here is changing the companys policy in the handling of the technological aspects. The company officials must understand the long term effects of the issues mentioned by the expert. In addition, they should understand that although changing existing frameworks will involve large expenses; this will settle the issues that will damage the company in the long run. Moreover, the company should change its policy of sticking to its fixed guidelines and should consider experts feedbacks more carefully. 7. What options are there? There are two options available here. The expert should continue to work on the existing system with his own techniques. However, he should note down every aspects, bugs and other errors in the system everyday and should also notify the company that he will not be responsible for the system corruption and loss of documents in the future, as the system bugs have been created by the previous expert. The company must change its policy in the handling of the technological aspects. The company officials must understand the long term effects of the issues mentioned by the expert. In addition, they ought to comprehend that albeit changing existing systems will include huge costs; this will settle the issues that will harm the organization over the long haul. In addition, the organization ought to change its approach of adhering to its settled rules and ought to consider specialists' reports more carefully. 8. Which option is best and why? The second option is best for this case. For the first option, the expert may avoid penalty, but the company will lose huge amounts of data as well as the system and ultimately, the system will need an overhaul and that will involve more expenses. For the second option, the company has to bear the expenses of the new technologies and systems, but this will ultimately benefit the company in the long run. The issues of bugs and technical glitches will not occur and the expert will be able to work on the system effectively and efficiently. The management system of the company needs overhaul as need for analytic power to understand the long term harmful effects of buggy systems. Analysis of the Case Studies with the help of Classical Ethics Theories The classical ethical theories are as follows (Australian Computer Society, 2012). Consequentialist Theory - This theory analyses the consequences of an issue and classify them as good or bad. Some of the effects are intrinsically good or intrinsically bad. This theory is used to analyze these intrinsically bad effects of the story consequences to understand the amount of ethical issue associated with the story. (Saha, 2015) Deontological Theory - This theory deals with the consequences of some ethical issues that cannot be explained by general use of words. This theory is used to analyze the consequences on a larger scale. To be precise, this theory is used to understand the extent of violation of basic rights and privacy of an individual. (Slade Prinsloo, 2013) Virtue Theory - This theory deals with the moral values associated with the particular story. The theory describes about the preservation or destruction of honesty in a selected story. (Sosa, 2015) The first case is described properly by the deontological theory (Goodman Meslin, 2014). This theory deals with the ethical issues that violate basic rights of an individual. In the first case, the clients basic rights are violated by the company. Although the company is not involved in direct violation, the errors in the existing systems and incompetency of the employees are the driving forces behind the issue. The second case is dealt by virtue theory (Nathan, 2015). This theory is based on ethical issues that are associated with destruction of honesty of an individual. In this case, the employee, unable to complete the task in time, steals other employees work and uses it in her own task. Hence, the basic virtue (or moral value) of the employee is not maintained, regardless of consequences. The third case is described by consequentialist theory (Stahl, Flick Hall, 2013). This theory deals with the intrinsically bad effects of the story consequences to understand the amount of ethical issue associated with the story. In this story, the bad effects of the issues are inevitable unless the systems are not replaced by the company. However, the company does not understand the intrinsically bad effects and does not take necessary steps. 1. Whistle Blowing Policy Introduction Whistle blowing is the act, for an employee (or former employee), of disclosing what he believes to be unethical or illegal behavior to higher management (internal whistle-blowing) or to an external authority or the public (external whistle-blowing) (Ahmad, Maynard Park, 2014). The actual nature is debated; as noted by several authors, some see [whistle blowers] as individuals who violate organizational loyalty norms; others see them as truthful follower of values. They consider company loyalty to be more important than colleague relation or friendship (e.g., the public health, truth-in-advertising, environmental respect). Some authors said that whistle blowers are those who raise ethical issues are treated as disturbed or morally suspect (Albugarni Ahmed, 2015). Some authors asked whether whistle blowers really crackpots. In this essay, the immoral effects of whistle blowing have been discussed. Effects of Whistle Blowing Whistle blowers are the individuals who sound the caution on misuse of devices, crimes, misbehavior or acting against company policy. There are unmistakably illegal activities, for instance, pay off , burglary, and extortion. They also include offenses like isolation in work, negligence in manner and work, resource wastage, trickery, and security violation (Anderson, 2015). In a couple of implications of whistle blowing the whistle is simply held to have been blown if the carelessness is made known in an open assembling or put on open record. That understanding of whistle blowing is in no short of what one sense conflicting with its inspiration, which is to put right a found off course (Baskerville, Spagnoletti and Kim, 2014). In case a wrong can be remedied inside a relationship by strategy for inside disturbing work power to its occasion, then there may be no prerequisite for the whistle blower to air a protesting in an open social affair. The writing on whistle blowing is partitio ned on this point (Cezar, Cavusoglu Raghunathan, 2013). A late article in the Journal of Business Ethics looked to build up a prohibitive meaning of whistle blowing that would limit its intending to the individuals who go to an outside element or to an open discussion with data of negligence. Then again, the term is often utilized as a part of the writing to incorporate any divulgence of negligence whether interior or outer (Chen Zhao, 2012). While outer whistle blowing is generally done to the outer world from the inner part of the organization, it constantly comes about because of a mix of the disappointment of the informant with a disappointment of interior divulgence to address the issue, or a recognition that inward exposure will be pointless, combined with the as a matter of fact subjective judgment of a person with regards to the outcomes of not blowing the whistle (Crossler et al., 2013). In all cases concentrated on, and in the most part of cases considered, informants blew inside information through internal channels before going outside their association. In every situation where they did as such, they trusted that their association would bolster their endeavor to wipe out or counteract negligence (Albugarni Ahmed, 2015). American research recommends that workers go to outer powers 'just once they come to trust that interior channels are shut to them, that the association is not moral, and that senior administration is dormant or complicit in the wrongdoing' (Stack, Watson Abbott-Chapman, 2013). It is the disappointment of the association, or of a senior individual or persons inside it, to make a move that prompts the choice to reveal outside the association, whether to an administrative power, to the media, or somewhere else. Few whistle blowers appear to have profoundly considered or were even mindful of the presumable individual results of outer divulgence. In side divulgence was at first accepted by most by far of whistle blowers to be the time when the reported negligence would be redressed (Tamjidyamcholo, Baba, Tamjid Gholipour, 2013). Overall, inner revelation has as much claim to be viewed as whistle blowing as does the choice of going outside the association. Authors therefore define whistle blowing as follows: Whistle blowing is the deliberate, voluntary disclosure of individual or organizational malpractice by a person who has or had privileged access to data, events or information about an actual, suspected or anticipated wrongdoing within or by an organization that is within its ability to control (Taylor, Fritsch Liederbach, 2014). The disclosure may be internal or external and may or may not enter the public record. The primary intention of whistleblower protection legislation is to discourage workplace reprisals against whistleblowers. According to the ICAC study, 71 percent of those surveyed expected that people who reported corruption would suffer for reporting it. Those who had been in the public service for more than a year were much more likely to hold this view that those who had been employed for less than a year (73 percent vs. 55 percent) (Vacca, 2012). One third of those surveyed were not confident that their organizatio n would handle reports of corruption appropriately, with markedly less confidence in rural areas. While 84 percent believed that something could be done about corruption, only 26 percent believed that something would be done about it. Work environment retaliations happened against some 66% of the individuals who formally reported negligence. Both official and informal retaliations were analyzed (Vaughn, 2015). These generally happen in the private area. Official responses rebuff the informant for standing up. They are hidden behind approach and methodology, generally to maintain a strategic distance from cases of exploitation, and incorporate formal censure, corrective exchange, referral to a specialist or instructor, and poor execution audits (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). An extensive variety of lesser strategies incorporate block of the examination, withdrawal of key assets, being kept oblivious, being antagonistically reported over different matters, and the connection of unfriendly staff record notes. Conclusion From the essay, it is clear there are deep lying effects of whistle blowing in offices that may affect the careers of both the informant as well as the wrong doer. Hence, whistle blowing should be banned in order to maintain integrity and an ethical environment within the office premises. Another issue is that, some whistle blowers complain about someone ever they he has not done anything wrong. To catch and punish the wrong doers, the higher officials should use computerized monitoring techniques and permanently ban whistle blowing system. 2. Responsibilities of ACS Professional Members Introduction ACS has some fixed guidelines regarding the professionalism policies and responsibilities. Following these guidelines, there are some specific responsibilities of the professionals (ACS Code of Professional Conduct Professional Standards Board Australian Computer Society, 2016). In this essay, the implications of special responsibilities of professional members of ACS from the practitioner point of view have been discussed. Responsibilities of ACS Professional Members ACS's objective of the proposed system is to encourage the configuration of degree projects that deliver graduates with the aptitudes required for characterized ICT parts. The level of self-governance and obligation at which the ability is honed ought to likewise be set up. On a very basic level, these aptitudes require the utilization of hidden learning that is both wide and profound, and must incorporate both specialized and expert information regions. The guidelines for the professionalism in ACS are as follows: Recognize potential ICT parts that could be embraced by alumni of a given system of study. These parts may be bland, such that all alumni from a specific degree system would be qualified to attempt a scope of graduate parts inside a given ICT discipline (Yang, Shieh Tzeng, 2013). Notwithstanding, a project may to place more accentuation on specific parts inside that teach. This may be on account of an organization has perceived skill in a given territory or in light of the fact that there are local business open doors for graduates with a specific core interest. Distinguish the aptitudes required by experts in a given ICT profession part. Recognize the kind of assignments that an expert working in given ICT profession role(s) would typically be equipped for performing (Yusri Goodwin, 2013). These might be the kind of errands that are regularly required to work in industry, or they might be the sort of assignments all the more every now and again connected with an exploration centered vocation way. Recognize the level of self-sufficiency and obligation created. It ought to be conceivable to show that alumni of a system work at sensible levels of self-rule and obligation as characterized by SFIA (Broadbent Papadopoulos, 2013). Distinguish the ICT Roleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Specific Knowledge required to rehearse the aptitudes. Where conceivable, globally perceived educational module and collections of learning ought to be utilized to help with distinguishing Roleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Specific Knowledge (Burmeister et al., 2014). For ICT zones that do not have a formal educational program or group of learning, supporting information ought to be recognized utilizing other fitting sources as a part of counsel with the system's Industry Advisory Board (Van den Hoven, Van de Poel Vermaas, 2014). It ought to be conceivable to show that understudies gain learning to an appropriate profundity and broadness. Recognize Complementary Knowledge that backings the aptitude set or that expands understudy employability. As softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based items or administrations are normally offered in conjunction with a business, numerous ICT profession parts will require information of business capacities and procedures (Ahmad, Maynard Park, 2014). Moreover, vocation prospects may be upgraded from locally critical correlative controls. For instance, learning of flying may be valuable in locales where aviation associations are pervasive. Plan a course structure that joins ICT Role Specific Knowledge with the Core Body of Knowledge and other Complementary Knowledge as a feature of an all encompassing project of study (Broadbent Papadopoulos, 2013). For instance, a course structure ought to framework propelled learning on top of programming basics and task administration themes from the ICT Knowledge Area of the CBOK. Gather relics to show that abilities have been produced by understudies to a fitting level. This for the most part requires that a delegate test of understudy work be gathered to show that abilities have been produced to a fitting level (Yang, Shieh Tzeng, 2013). Tests will be made accessible to accreditation boards for review. Ancient rarities delivered by understudies in conjunction with a capstone task are a decent wellspring of material for showing the aptitudes accomplished by understudies. The issue of "professionalism" is vital and wideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ranging. Different bodies have given inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  profundity treatment of the issue and this report ought to be perused against that foundation. For instance, CC2001 has a section on "Expert Practice" (Ch 10, pp. 55à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 61), which is valuable (Yusri Goodwin, 2013). The IP3 Taskforce is as of now concentrating on the issue with regards to proficient accreditation. The past ACS CBOK determined the necessities for Ethics/Social Implications/Professional Practice and Interpersonal Communications (Yang, Shieh Tzeng, 2013). The SFIA in its Levels of Autonomy and Responsibility Axis notice degrees of self-sufficiency, impact and multifaceted nature, and "Business Skills" including information of measures, critical thinking, correspondence, arranging and booking, quality, wellbeing and security, obtaining new learning, and energy about industry exercises and authoritative connections (Slade Prinsloo, 2013). It i s comprehended that Professional Knowledge themes should be tended to at numerous levels in various phases of expert advancement. The very way of expert work implies that some learning and abilities are best created through experience and that comprehension of complex issues, for example, morals develops with development. In this manner, the objectives for creating proficient information/aptitudes will be diverse at entryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ level (graduate) than at full proficient level (a confirmation program) (Skues Cunningham, 2013). The themes for the Professional Knowledge Areas were created by mapping shared characteristics over the diverse disciplinary educational programs determinations. Experts ought to have some information of where and when their order started and how it has advanced, notwithstanding comprehension of continuous issues in the control. A comprehension is required of how to create or get programming (data) frameworks that fulfill the prerequisites of clients and clients (Siponen, Mahmood Pahnila, 2014). All periods of the lifecycle of a data framework ought to be comprehended including: prerequisite examination (frameworks investigation) and determination, outline, development, testing and operation and support. There ought to likewise be learning of procedures and procedures for creating frameworks. Wording for this region fluctuates from 'frameworks advancement' in Information Systems to 'programming designing' in Software Engineering and Computer Science, to 'frameworks obtaining and reconciliation' in Information Technology (Siponen Vance, 2014). The component that recognizes this range from "writing computer programs" is that frameworks advancement/programming building learning is connected to bigger programming frameworks, where nobody individual has complete information of the entire framework. Obviously, a significant number of the standards required in creating bigger programming frameworks likewise apply to littler bits of prog ramming (projects). Conclusion From the essay, the responsibilities of ACS professionals are clear. ACS has designed a number of criteria to appoint their professionals. The level of self-governance and obligation at which the ability is honed ought to likewise be set up. On a very basic level, these aptitudes require the utilization of hidden learning that is both wide and profound, and must incorporate both specialized and expert information regions (Prestridge, 2012). The themes for the Professional Knowledge Areas were created by mapping shared characteristics over the diverse disciplinary educational programs determinations. Experts ought to have some information of where and when their order started and how it has advanced, notwithstanding comprehension of continuous issues in the control. A comprehension is required of how to create or get programming (data) frameworks that fulfill the prerequisites of clients and clients. 3. Privacy in Information and Communication Technology Introduction Information and Communication Technology is widely used in business and commercial organizations for enhancing the services as well as organizational structure (Disterer, 2013). Information and Communication Technology (ICT in short) involves increased use of computer systems and other related technologies in the business procedures like accounting, finances, maintenance of financial and operational reports and others. Moreover, ICT technology is also used for the storage of companys files and business strategies in a virtual storage interface. However, there are threats to ICT systems (Hansson, 2013). The main threats are breach of privacy of the confidential documents and unethical cyber attacks. Hence, maintenance of privacy is needed in any organization that has implemented ICT. Privacy in Information and Communication Technology Reasons of facing privacy issues Since ICT involves enhanced use of the computer systems as well as internet networks, threats regarding maintenance of privacy arise frequently. The main issues regarding privacy of the companies that have implemented ICT are as follows: Internal System Malwares In spite of the fact that this is not a part of the major threats expected by the organizations, despite everything it represents a threat to the organizations document storage framework operations (Hu et al., 2012). Internal system malwares are produced from corrupt files or programming projects and they may totally close down the tainted framework . In the event that the frameworks of the organization close down because of malwares, the organization would lose huge amount of data and basic documents. External Malwares - However, the malware talked about above is just a simple kind of malware. There are much more unsafe malwares like virus attacks, Trojan horses, spywares and others. These malwares mostly go into the system from outside sources (Ifinedo, 2012). Case in point, some messages go to the system inbox with data about some crazy offers and a link for a website. The minute the client taps on the connection, the malignant infection associated with the connection goes into the framework taints it. Capable virus attacks like Trojan horse can totally obliterate a framework alongside every other framework associated with the same network. Now and again, there are virus attacks that are made by some unknown identities (Kolkowska Dhillon, 2013). They utilize the virus attacks for hacking into different frameworks for the sole reason for pulverization. Again, there are spywares that are utilized to screen the exercises done inside a framework. Packet Sniffers These are programming tools that are for the most part utilized by associations to screen the internal operations in their own particular systems and monitor malware operations (Laszka, Felegyhazi Buttyan, 2015). Be that as it may, there are some outsider associations that misuse these tools for checking framework exercises of other organizations. This is a sort of breach of security that debilitates to release secret data of the business associations. Unauthorized Access This is done by unethical hackers or third party members keeping in mind the end goal to get to data of an organization without the knowledge of the organization authority (Lee, Geng Raghunathan, 2013). This should likewise be possible by the internal representatives of the organization. This episode happens when an ordinary worker gets to data of the organization that is limited and not took into consideration representative access. The programmers and outsider staff however utilize spywares to screen the utilization of the id and pass code designs in the framework and afterward they utilize them for unauthorized access (Lowry, Posey, Bennett Roberts, 2015). There have been numerous situations where these unauthorized personnel gets to went unnoticed that eventually brought about loss of numerous documents and records of the organization. Nevertheless, because of use of framework alarms, numerous instances of unapproved access have been gotten before any loss of reports or data. Loss of Device To explain this case, an example is to be taken. Let an employee of a company takes his working computer for working at home. Now, on his way back home, he leaves the system in the cab or the system is stolen (Pegrum, Oakley Faulkner, 2013). After this, the system reaches the hands of a hacker and he uses every information stored in it to access the companys systems and extracts important documents. This will cause big losses for the company if suitable steps are not taken immediately. No Knowledge of Network Security among the Company Employees Sometimes, the employees of the company do not have sufficient knowledge regarding network security applications or what to do in case of a breach of security attack (Peltier, 2013). Due to this, the suitable actions are not taken in time, helping the attackers access critical information easily. Objections related to the positions There are several objections related to this situation. Authors have argued that these situations would not have been raised if the organizations increased or sufficiently implemented network securities in their systems. Most of the privacy threats in ICT systems occur due to insufficient or poor security measures (Posey, Roberts, Lowry Hightower, 2014). Moreover, some are even caused by internal employees of the company who access confidential files of the company without authorization. Hence, the companies must reinforce privacy security as well as monitoring systems in order to catch wrong doers easily. Conclusion From the essay, it is clear that maintenance of privacy is important for maintaining business of an ICT implemented organization. . Information and Communication Technology (ICT in short) involves increased use of computer systems and other related technologies in the business procedures like accounting, finances, maintenance of financial and operational reports and others. Since ICT involves enhanced use of the computer systems as well as internet networks, threats regarding maintenance of privacy arise frequently. References ACS Code of Professional Conduct Professional Standards Board Australian Computer Society. Ahmad, A., Maynard, S. B., Park, S. (2014). Information security strategies: towards an organizational multi-strategy perspective.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,25(2), 357-370. Albugarni, S. and Ahmed, V., 2015. 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